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©ó¬O¥Î·s±ÐÛ²z¨Ó¸ÑÄÀªñ¥N¸ê¥»¥D¸q±U°_ªº¤å¤Æ°Ê¤O¡A¦ÓÂ_¨¥¡§¹D±Ð¬O¤@ºØµ´¹ï¤Ï²z©Êªº¡A©Z²v¦a»¡¬O¤@ºØ«D±`§C¤Uªº§Å³N©Êªø¥Í³N¡BªvÀø¾Ç»P®ø¨a³N¡¨¡C¦]¦¹¡A³§B§âª`·N¤O©ñ¦b¤F¹D±Ðªº¡§¶¡±µªº¡B®ø·¥ªº¼vÅT¡¨³oÓ°ÝÃD¤W¡CƤ
¡@¡@¼Ú¬wº~¾Ç®a®æ¾|¯S«h¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¤¤³o¼Ë¼g¹D¡G¡§¡]¤¤°ê¤H¡^¥e¤HÃþÁ`¼Æ³o»ò¤jªº¤ñ¨Ò¡A¡K..³ºµM¦b¥¼¯à¹ï¦ÛµM³W«ß¹F¨ì°ò¥»¤F¸Ñªº±¡ªp¤U¦¨ªø°_¨Ó¡¨¡A¦Ó¥B¡§¤¤°ê¤H±q¥¼¯à¦b¥j¦Ñªº³W«h©M¯«¯µ¹Ï¥Üªº°ò¥Üªº°ò¦¤W«Ø¥ß¤@Ó§ó¦nªº§PÂ_Åé¨t¡¨¡A¥LÌ©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº³oÓÅé¨t¡§¦p¦¹¦a«D¬ì¾Ç©Ê¡A¦p¦¹¥®¸X¦Ó¤£¦¨¼ô¡A¥H¦Ü©ó¥¦¥u¯à¤Þ°_§Ú̵o¯º¡¨¡AÆ¥¦¹ºØÆ[ÂI¦b·í®É¦è¤è¾Ç³N¬É¨Ã¤£¤Ö¨£¡C^°êõ¾Ç®aÃh¯S®ü¡]Alfred
North Whitehead,
1861-1947¡^´£¥X¡G¨S¦³²z¥ÑÃhºÃÓ§O¤¤°ê¤H¶i¦æ¬ì¾Ç±´¯Áªºì¥»¯à¤O¡C¦ý¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç¦b¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¥i¥H©¿²¤¦Ó¤£¨¬¨úªº¡C¥i¥H¬Û«H¡A¦pªGÅ¥¨ä¦ÛµM¡A¤¤°ê¥Ã»·³£¤£·|²£¥Í¥ô¦óªº¬ì¾Ç¶i¨B¡C¡§Æ¦¨ä¾Ç¥Í¡B^°êõ¾Ç®aù¯À¡]Bertrand
Russell, 1872-1970¡^¤]«ùÃþ¦üªº½×ÂI¡Aij¬°¡¨¤£©¯ªº¬O¡A¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¤¤¦³Ó®zÂI¡G¯Ê¥F¬ì¾Ç¡§¡CƧ
¡@¡@ 20
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¡@¡@¡]ÁöµM¤¤°ê¹L¥h¦b¬ì¾Ç¡B¼Æ¾Ç©M§Þ³N»â°ì¤¤¤v¨ú±o¤F¨º»ò¦h°¶¤jªº¦¨´N¡^¬°¤°»ò²{¥N¬ì¾Çªº«k¿³µo¥Í¦b¼Ú¬w¦Ó¤£µo¥Í¦bªF¨Èªº¤å©ú¤¤¡HÆ©
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¡@¡@¦P¬O¤@Ó¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¡A¦ó¥H¦b¤£¦PªºÆ[¹îªÌ±«e±o¥X¦p¦¹¤£¦Pªºµ²½×¡HÅãµM³o¬O¥Ñ©óÆ[¹îªÌ°ò©ó¦Û¨ªº¤å¤ÆI´º¨Ó¬Ý°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó¤¤°ê¬ì§Þ¥»¨¤S¨ã¦³¦Û¨ªº¯S®í©Ê¡A©ó¬O¥D¡B«ÈÂù¤è³´¤J°ò¥»¸Ü»y§x¹Ò¦ÓÃø¥H¤¬¸à¡AÃø¥H¹F¨ì²z¸Ñ¡C
¡@¡@³o¥Dn¬O¦è¤è¤å¤ÆI´º¤Wªºì¦]©ÒP¡Cº¥ý¡A¤¤¥@¬ö¼Ú¬w°ò·þ±Ð»P¬ì¾Ç±´¤§¶¡ªº¥Ù¬Þ¡A¤×¨ä¬O±Ð·|¹ï¬ì¾Ç®aªº¢®`¡A¦b¨âªÌ¤§¶¡³y¦¨¤FÃø¥H¬ð¯}ªº¼Ä¹ïÃö«Y¡A¹ï¦è¤èªº©v±ÐÆ[¼vÅT²`»·¡F¨ä¦¸¡Aªñ¥N¥H¨Ó«ä·Q»â°ì©v±Ð»P¬ì¾Ç¤§¶¡Ãö«Yªº½Ä¬ð²z¸Ñ¡A¥H¤Îªñ²{¥N¬ì¾Çªº¸³tµo®i¡A«h¶i¤@¨B¨Ï¨âªÌ¤§¶¡§Î¦¨¤@׶V¨Ó¶V¤jªº·½·¾¡C¦b¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç¥v¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¤¤°ê«ä·Qªºµ²ºc©M·§©À¨t²Îªº¿W¯S©Ê¡A¨Ï¦è¤è¤HÃø¥H¥Î¥L̤v¦³ªº¸ÑÄÀ¨t²Î¨Ó¸ÑªR³oÓ¤å©ú¤¤ªºª¾ÃÑÅé¨t¡C¦b³y¦¨³o¨Ç§xÃøªº½Ñ¦]¯À¤¤¡A¡§¹D¡¨¡B¡§®ð¡¨µ¥¥»Åé½×°ÝÃD¬O®Ö¤ß©Êªº¨î¬ù¦]¯À¡Cª½¨ì20¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¥Xª©ªº§õ¬ù·æµÛ¡m¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¥v¡n²Ä¤G¨÷¡m¬ì¾Ç«ä·Q¥v¡n¤¤¡A¤£Ãø¬Ý¥X·í®É³\¦h¤H¹ï¹D±Ð»P¬ì¾Ç¤§¶¡Ãö«YªºÃhºÃ©M§_©w¡G¡§¹D±Ð«ä·Q´X¥G¤w³Q¼Ú¬wªºÂ½Ä¶ªÌ©M§@ªÌµ¹¥þ½L»~¸Ñ¡¨¡A¦Ó¡§³Q¸ÑÄÀ¬°¯Âºéªº©v±Ð¯«¯µ¥D¸q»P°g«H¡¨¡A¨Ï¹D±Ð¤º³¡¬ì¾Çªº©Î«e¬ì¾Çªº¤è±¡A¦b«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W³£³Q©¿²¤±¼¤F¡Cƪ
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Æ¡¡e¼w¡f·R§J°Ò¿è¿ý¡A¦¶¥ú¼çĶ¡Aºq¼w½Í¸Ü¿ý¡A¤H¥Á¤å¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1978¦~¡A²Ä112¶¡C
Æ¢«ü³§B´£ªº¦bªñ¥N¸ê¥»¥D¸qµo¥Í¨s¤¤À³·í»{ÃѨì¡A¡§¨ã¦³¤ð±e¸mºÃªº«n©Êªº¬Oªk«ß©M¦æ¬F¾÷Ãöªº²z©Êµ²ºc¡C¦]¬°ªñ¥Nªº²z©Ê¸ê¥»¥D¸q¤£¶È»Ýn¥Í²£ªº§Þ³N¤â¬q¡A¦Ó¥B»Ýn¤@Ó¥i¾aªºªk«ß¨î«×©M«ö·Ó§Î¦¡ªº³W³¹¿ì¨Æªº¦æ¬F¾÷Ãö¡C¡D¡D¡D³o¼Ë¤@ºØªk«ß¨î«×©M³o¼Ëªº¦æ¬F¾÷Ãö¥u¦³¦b¦è¤è¤~³B©ó¤@ºØ¬Û¹ï¨Ó»¡¦Xªkªº©M§Î¦¡¤W§¹µ½ªºª¬ºA¡A±q¦Ó¤@ª½¦³§Q©ó¸gÀÙ¬¡°Ê¡C¡¨¨£°¨§J´µ¡D³§B¡A·s±ÐÛ²z»P¸ê¥»¥D¸q¡]¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^¡A¤TÁp®Ñ©±¡A1987¦~¡A²Ä14¶¡C
Æ£·s±ÐÛ²z»P¸ê¥»¥D¸qºë¯«¡]¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^¡A¤TÁp®Ñ©±¡A1987¦~¡A²Ä15¶¡C^¤åª©¡GMax
Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by
Talcott Parsons, first published in 1930 by Harper Collins Academic,
reprinted in 1992 by Routledge, New York, p.25¡D
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Æ¥J.J.M.
de Groot, The Religious System of China, Leiden: Brill, 1892-1910, Vol.3,
p.1050.¬A¸¹¤º¤å¦r¨t¤ÞªÌ¾Ú¤å«e«á¤º®e©Ò¥[¡C
Ʀ
¡§There
have been great civilizations in which the peculia balance of mind required
for science has only fitfully appeared and has produced the feeblest
result.¡@For example, the more we know of Chinese art, of Chinese literature,
and of Chinese philosophy of life, the more we admire the heights to which
that civiisation attained.¡@For thousands of years, there have been in China
acute and learned men patiently devoting their lives to study. Having regard
to the span of time, and to the population concerned, China forms the
largest volume of civilization which the world has seen. There is no reason
to doubt the intrinsic capacity of individual China men for the pursuit of
science. And yet Chinese science is practically negligible.¡@There is no
reason to believe that China if left to itself would have ever produced any
progress in science.¡@The same may be sail of India.¡@Furthermore, if the
Persians had enslaved the Greeks, there is no definite ground for belief
that science would have flourished in Europe.
¡§see
Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, Lowell Lectures, 1925.
New York; The Free Press, 1967, p.6.
Ƨù¯À¡A¤¤°ê°ÝÃD¡]¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^¡A¾ÇªL¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1996¦~¡A²Ä39¶¡C
ƨ§õ¬ù·æ¨t^°êµÛ¦Wªº¤¤°ê¬ì§Þ¥v®a¡A¥D«ù½sµÛ¦³¤j«¬ÂO®Ñ¡m¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¥v¡n¡]Science
and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press,
1954¦~¥Xª©¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ä¶¥»¦W¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬ì¾Ç»P¤å©ú¡n¡^¡C§õ¬ù·æ¹ï¹D±Ð¤å¤Æ±À±R¦³¥[¡A¦Ó±N¨ä¤¤¤å©m¤ó©w¬°©M¹D±Ð±Ð¯ª¦Ñ¤l¤@¼Ë©m¡§§õ¡¨¡A¨Ã¬°¦Û¤v°_¤F¤TÓ¤¤°ê¹D¸¹¡C°Ñ¨£³¯¥Á¯Õ¡A¦WÅA¹D¤h§õ¤¦Ä£¬ù·æ¡A¥xÆW¡G¡mªF¤èÂø»x¡n¡]½Æ¥Z¡^¡A1972(1)¡C¤S¨£¤ý°ê©¾½s¡m§õ¬ù·æ¤åÄm50¦~(1942-1992)¡n¡A¶Q¦{¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1991¦~¡A²Ä148-156¶¡C¦Ñ¤l§Y¡m¹D¼w¸g¡nªº§@ªÌ§õ¦Õ¡C¡m¥v°O¡D¦Ñ¤lÁú«D¦C¶Ç¡n¡G¡§¦Ñ¤lªÌ¡A·¡W¿¤¼F¶m¦±¤¯¨½¤H¤]¡C©m§õ¤ó¡A¦W¦Õ¡A¦r×C¡A©P¦uÂëǤ§¥v¤]¡C¡¨
Æ©§õ¬ù·æ¡A¥|®ü¤§¤º¡ÐªF¤è»P¦è¤èªº¹ï¸Ü¡A¤TÁp®Ñ©±¡A1987¦~¡A²Ä80¶¡C¥ç¨£Joseph
Need ham. The Grand Titration,
Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1969, p.11.
ƪJoseph
Neenham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol,2, Camvridge: Cambridge
University Opress, 1956,p.34.
Æ«¡§In
one sense, the narrow cultural distribution of science is merely a
consequence of the way in which science has been defined. Knowledge, of one
sort or another, is found in every culture. Science is merely one particular
kind of knowledge which happens to be prominent in our own particular
culture. Thus, if we compare the cultural distribution of science with that
of the family, and say that the family is
¡¥universal¡¦(or
nearly so) while science is uniquely associated with one particular
civilization, our comparison ignores a distinction between two levels of
generality; we are comparing a universal institution, the family, not with
¡¥knowledge¡¦
as another universal institution, but rather with one particular localized
variant of the latter.¡@However, this approach may be justified on the ground
that science is drastically different from all other forms of knowledge, in
ways which are of great sociological importance, and which have served as a
basis for recognizing the sociology of knowledge of science as an area of
specialization distinct from the sociology of knowledge in general.
¡§See
Maurice N. Richter, Jr., Science as a Cultural Progress, Schenkman
Publishing Company, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972,p.7.
ƬJoseph
Needham, The Grand Titration, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969,
p.116-117. See also p.14-15.
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